Some studies (for examples, (1) and (2)) have shown that Intermittent Fasting (IF) increases the amount of growth hormone released in your body (secretory bursts). Growth hormone helps burn fat and build muscle (Example, the famous and controversial article by Rudman et al. (3)) that makes you age slower, physically and mentally. For examples of controversies about the Rudman article see (4) and (5).
This increase of muscle mass via growth hormone does not mean you are increasing your muscle strength. So, you need some physical exercise when getting an increased lean body mass.
Fasting has been practiced by diverse cultures (Hinduism, Egyptians, Judaism, among others) from ancient times. Fasting is certainly an ancient practice, but the idea of extending one’s life through caloric restriction is not, because until the arrival of modern medicine and sanitation, life expectancy was too short to be affected by caloric restriction. When people die young (40 years or less) due to diseases such as smallpox, caloric restriction will not extend their useful lives. Nonetheless, it has been known for more than six decades that caloric restriction can extend the lifespan of laboratory animals, so this is not new. See (6).
Other studies in animals have revealed that ingesting fewer calories with an intermittent feeding regimen, these animals experienced a significant reduction in cell proliferation (considered an indicator for cancer risk) in several tissues (7). It works this way: Cancer is essentially the uncontrolled division of cells, and its progress typically requires the presence of multiple mutations. Normally, a cell will try to repair any damage that has occurred to its DNA, but, if it divides before it has a possibility to fix the damage, then that damage becomes memorialized as a mutation in the progeny cells. Slowing down the rate of cell proliferation basically buys time for the cells to repair genetic damage.
From here we deduce two facts: a) you do not need expensive and questionable (increased risk for cancer, cardiovascular disease, and behavior changes) human growth hormone (HGH) shots to increase your growth hormone and, b) you do not need a continuous fasting, just an intermittent one, because being hungry from eating 1/3 less than standard caloric recommendations can extend life in rats, but in humans, it could make you feel life is interminable.
Are there any substances (nutrients, vitamins, minerals) that can mimic caloric restriction without the need of feeling close to starvation? Some plant polyphenols, such as resveratrol (found in grapes) and pterostilbene (found in blueberries), can induce protection against cancer by similar mechanisms as those involved through caloric restriction (8), (9), (10).
References
(1) http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/74/4/757,
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC329619/
(3) http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJM199007053230101
(4) http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMp020186
(5) http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMc030764
(6) http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/reprint/31/3/363.pdf
(7) http://ajpendo.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/288/5/E965?maxtoshow=&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&author1=Hellerstein&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&sortspec=relevance&resourcetype=HWCIT
(8) Jang, M. et al. Cancer chemopreventive activity of resveratrol, a natural product derived from grapes. Science 275, 2118-220, 1997.
(9) Ferguson, L. R. Role of plant polyphenols in genomic stability. Mutat. Res. 475, 89-111, 2001.
(10) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v430/n7000/full/nature02789.html
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